Centralized laboratory testing has been a standard tool for diagnosing common illnesses. However, laboratory-based testing generally requires expensive medical equipment and involves complex operation protocols that can only be completed within a medical facility by well-trained personnel. These requirements elongate testing time and prevent the widespread use of diagnostics in remote and resource-limited regions due to limited access to centralized labs. To address some of these limitations, point-of-care (POC) sensors were developed as alternative diagnostics tools with simple and rapid operation, compact size, and low cost.
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