Using 4D technology to produce cardiac pulses in arteries in vitro

3D printed cell models are currently in the spotlight of medical research, thanks to the fact that 3D printing is starting to become a key element in the manufacture of native tissue replicas. Although significant progress has been made, there remain aspects requiring attention in order to obtain more realistic models that faithfully represent the in vivo environment. Much work remains to be done to produce effective materials that are printable, stable, have enhanced mechanical properties, and which are responsive to the desired stimuli, and that way enter the new era of 4D printing.