Robotics and spinal stimulation restore movement in paralysis

Spinal cord injuries are life-altering, often leaving individuals with severe mobility impairments. While rehabilitation robotics—devices that guide movement during therapy—have improved training for those with spinal cord injuries, their effectiveness remains limited. Without active muscle engagement, robotic-assisted movement alone does not sufficiently retrain the nervous system.

Fluorescent sensors reveal dopamine signals in primate brains

Most people are familiar with Pavlovian conditioning, in which a reward-anticipatory behavior follows a reward-predicting stimulus. Behind this mechanism is dopamine released within the striatum, the largest structure of the subcortical basal ganglia, which links motor movements and motivation. Yet it remains unclear exactly what kind of dopamine signal is transmitted to the striatum to cause this behavior in primates.